Self Defence Issues and Implication in Cyberspace

Presentation Cyber wrongdoing is a developing worldwide issue. In spite of extreme endeavors by law implementation officials to stop the training, digital wrongdoing keeps on spreading. Brenner (2010) says that incompletely, the development of digital wrongdoing comes from the extra-regional nature of the training. Unexpectedly, Wall (2007) contends that the development of digital wrongdoing predominantly comes from the changing idea of such crimes.Advertising We will compose a custom examination paper test on Self Defense Issues and Implication in Cyberspace explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The maltreatment of new innovation has additionally prompted the spread of this training. Thusly, there have been rising quantities of digital assaults in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). These nations have announced digital violations for a long time and in spite of the expanded endeavors to check their spread, they keep on expanding. Loader (2012) report s that created nations, which don't have a built up web association likewise, report expanded frequencies of digital crime. The American government has taken digital security with most extreme significance. Truth be told, the US Homeland Security considers America as a flourishing ground for digital wrongdoings. This is on the grounds that America isn't just a casualty of such assaults, yet in addition the wellspring of most assaults (Schell 2004). The Anti-Phishing Working Group as of late created new statics that show the development of digital wrongdoings inside the previous year (Chik 2012). Expanded familiarity with digital wrongdoing in the UK and America has generally educated the ascent in the number regarding digital wrongdoing suit in the two nations. In any case, a large portion of these suits don't have a typical administrative basis. This paper investigates the idea of digital wrongdoing with regards to the law of safeguard (in the US and the UK). From this investig ation, this paper features the legitimate underpinnings of UK and US laws on self-protection. A great deal of accentuation is made to look at the use of the law of resistance on digital wrongdoing, viz-a-viz the use of similar laws in the â€Å"physical world.† in such manner, this paper investigates the law of barrier (as sketched out by the UN), the option to remain battle ready, and the ramifications of these laws in the internet. UK and US Laws on Cyber Crime America Since bureaucratic and state governments oversee American expresses, the way toward detailing laws isolates between the state and central governments. As a rule, state laws are progressively pertinent to digital wrongdoing, except if there is an extraordinary circumstance where there is a requirement for Federal mediation (Chik 2012). For instance, when digital wrongdoing compromises national security, Federal digital laws may apply.Advertising Looking for research paper on precedent-based law? We should chec k whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Alternatively, when the avoidance of digital wrongdoing requires the uniform utilization of law, the Federal government may mediate in the plan (or implementation) of such laws. Thusly, in view of the circulated elements of state and governments, the two governments have contributed in the plan and authorization of digital law. Regardless, on account of the political contrasts in America, each state defines and implements their laws. There is in this manner no legitimate necessity for every American state to receive uniform laws (Chik 2012). UK Specific enactments on digital wrongdoing in Europe advise UK’s digital laws. Without a doubt, there is a cozy connection between Europe’s open arrangement on self-preservation and UK’s enactments on the equivalent. For instance, the UK is liable to digital wrongdoing enactments, as defined by Council of Europe (CoE). In this manner, the arrangemen ts of self-protection laws (under the show) are appropriate in the UK, as they are pertinent in other European nations (that are signatories to the show). The nearby verifiable, geographic, and monetary connection among UK and Europe educate the nearby interconnection between the UK and Europe’s digital laws. In any case, the most precedent-based law administering digital wrongdoing in the UK is the Computer Misuse Act of 1990 (Securelist 2012). The legislature has anyway refreshed this demonstration with more up to date and stiffer punishments. The mission to refresh this law originated from the deficiencies of existing laws to check hacking exercises inside the UK. All the more along these lines, this issue came into sharp center when already existing enactments neglected to convict Stephen Gold and Robert Schifreen for increasing unapproved access to a UK association, BT Prestel administrations. Due to the insufficiency of the law to convict the two suspects, the court cle ared them. The Right of Defense Normally, every nation has an option to safeguard its kin against any type of assault. Be that as it may, mechanical progressions have presented another type of assault, which negates the standard way of thinking with respect to one side to safeguard a nation. The internet is simply the stage where traditional principles safeguard have been broken (Arsene 2012).Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Self Defense Issues and Implication in Cyberspace explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, as Moore (2010) watches, a few nations despite everything receive an ordinary way to deal with forestall digital assaults. For instance, the US utilizes the military to guard the nation against digital assaults. Arsene (2012) questions the avocation for doing as such, in light of the fact that there are numerous dangers related with receiving a military way to deal with protecting a nation against digital assaults. One h azard is simply the cover safeguard and ordinary space guard systems. At the end of the day, mobilizing digital security may adopt a war-like strategy, which ought not be the situation. Subsequently, while standard way of thinking may endorse the utilization of power in ordinary space, the utilization of power as a privilege to self-preservation may not work in the digital world. Consequently, despite the fact that a digital assault may show indistinguishable qualities from a customary assault, reacting to such an assault with power might be unlawful (Arsene 2012). People frequently contrast the self-preservation law with the English law. Scientists state this law is a piece of private resistance since it considers the utilization of illicit intends to forestall an assault (or shield a nation from hurt) (Himma 2008). In Britain, this law comes from the customary law and the criminal law demonstration of 1967 (Samaha 2005). One normal guideline of self-protection rules center aroun d the utilization of sensible power to forestall an assault. Thusly, from the idea of the law, self-preservation is to a greater degree a defense rather than a reason (Scheb 2011, p. 417). All inclusive, the privilege of self-protection in digital assaults is as yet an uncertain issue. In fact, in light of certain complexities recognized when contrasting digital assaults and regular assaults, it is hard for nations to work out (aimlessly) their entitlement to self-preservation without considering the exceptional elements of digital assaults (Committee on Deterring Cyber assaults 2010, p. 163). The UK and the US share a similar way to deal with digital assaults. The two nations propose the utilization of power when digital assaults bring about death, injury, damage, or demolition of property. In any case, the US has been generally vocal about this arrangement. Truth be told, there are boisterous brings in the US to treat digital assaults like â€Å"ordinary† assaults on the of f chance that they cause passing or property annihilation. The US Defense Department guarantees that it won't stop for a second to utilize power to guard itself against digital assaults that can kill, annihilate property, or mischief its people.Advertising Searching for research paper on custom-based law? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The Right of Defense as Per the UN Law and Proportionality of Response Article 2 (4) of the UN sanction depicts circumstances when nations can utilize power for self-preservation (Ellen 2012). The provision debilitates the utilization of power as a way to explain worldwide clashes, however it affirms it when states need to protect themselves from outer animosity. Article 51 of the UN sanction specifies this arrangement (Ellen 2012). Numerous individuals have deciphered the arrangements of this contract to either bolster or restrict the utilization of power as a self-preservation system in the internet assaults (Jasper 2012). Here, the principle predicament fixates on whether to utilize power, in any event, when there is no equipped assault (like in the internet). A few investigators have affirmed the utilization of power in such circumstances, while others preclude the utilization from claiming power (Ellen 2012). As a result of the difficulty brought about by the use of Article 51 ( the utilization of power as a self-protection system), the International Court of Justice has been compelled to decipher the utilization of power as a self-preservation instrument. Milhorn (2007) clarifies the court’s deciding by exhibiting that the utilization of power as a self-preservation system just applies to circumstances where there is noteworthy and the genuine danger of a nation. The sanction likewise specifies that the utilization of power just apply to the particular nation that needs to shield itself (Ellen 2012). In addition, the article says that the goal to guard the nation utilizing power should show a high likelihood of progress. In conclusion, the contract says that the power applied ought to be relative to the harm experienced the assault (Schiller 2010). All the above specifications are hard to apply in the internet. Truth be told, a few spectators express it is difficult to apply the above arrangements in digital wrongdoing (Wyler 2005). For the most par t, the entanglement emerges while deciding any immediate death toll (or any loss of property) that meets the states of activating article 51. Extensively, it is frequently hard to track down the proof that would trigger the initiation of article 51. The intricacies brought by the idea of digital wrongdoing likewise represent a test to the execution of article 51 of the UN contract since some digital violations are hard to follow to one nation. Additionally, regardless of whether a state tra

Long

Chapter by chapter guide Long-Term Care Insurance Medicare Medicaid Continuing Care Retirement Community (CCRC) References Long-Term Care Insurance Coverage differs broadly relying upon the supplier and the requirements of the client. Moreover, various states have distinctive home consideration and helped living offices and these fluctuate the expense of the drawn out consideration insurance.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Long-Term Care Insurance explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More These incorporate home consideration, living help, and childcare for grown-ups. The drawn out protection bundles additionally contain tax cuts with the end goal that the recipient doesn't have to pay charge on the installments got (Health and Human Services Paying For Long-Term Care, 2010). Recipients get money related inclusion of long haul care. The drawn out consideration protection permits one to utilize their reserve funds and disaster protection for different pu rposes. Under the government program individuals profit by a gathering rate lower than singular installment rates. To meet all requirements for long haul protection, the buyer ought not have a prior ailment. Anybody over 18 years may buy long haul protection. Impediment may come in on the grounds that acquisition of long haul protection from non-qualified organizations endangers ones advantages. Also, month to month premiums are costly (All About Long Term Care, 2010). Medicare is a type of protection. It exists in three structures in particular Medicare as clinic protection, Medicare as clinical protection and Medicare as physician endorsed sedate inclusion. What's more, there are clinical bit of leeway plans gave by privately owned businesses. They incorporate at least one of different classes of Medicare. Medicare covers hospitalization bills, doctors’ charges and medication costs relying upon the kind of Medicare. Capability for Medicare is just accessible to individuals over the age of 65. Individuals with specific inabilities and falling underneath the age likewise qualify. The recipient needs to pay routinely for the program. Medicare impediment is that the money related pay under Medicare might be lacking to take care of all drawn out costs (Who pays for long haul Care?, 2010).Advertising Looking for paper on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Medicaid With Medicaid, the recipient gets long haul home consideration inside their locale or in a nursing home. With Medicaid, the recipient doesn't need to leave their home, rather they can request care arrangements at home. Individuals must procure low earnings and have restricted assets to get to Medicaid. Confinements for Medicaid are that the recipient can just access the administration structure an authorized office for Medicaid. In addition, the office must have a limit with respect to thinking about the patient (Cen ter for Medicare Medicaid Services, 2010). Proceeding with Care Retirement Community (CCRC) Long-term costs are taken consideration by month to month charges and section expenses. Moreover, there is a concentrated consideration inside networks for all recipients. Individuals get nursing administrations, medicinal services administrations and social administrations. All individuals approach helped offices and may live alone or in shared lofts. The prerequisites for CCRC incorporate an arrangement that the recipient must have the option to buy the regularly scheduled installments for care. There is likewise a passage charge that is payable toward the start of the agreement time frame. On installment of additional charges, recipients likewise get care in helped offices. Notwithstanding, this arrangement just exists in some CCRC programs. Else, one consequently profits by a lifetime contract in the wake of paying ordinary charges (Health and Human Services Paying For Long-Term Care, 201 0). Impediments for CCRC are that proceeding with care has a high price tag. The program likewise has a passage charge that may be non-refundable. Arrangements change with the sort of CCRC with some having no arrangement for other long haul care costs. In this manner, the recipient needs to pay for additional consideration. The recipient needs to move to a helped office or nursing home (Health and Human Services Paying For Long-Term Care, 2010). References All About Long Term Care. (2010). Web.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Long-Term Care Insurance explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Center for Medicare Medicaid Services. (2010). Web. Wellbeing and Human Services Paying For Long-Term Care. (2010). Web. Who Pays for Long-term Care? (2010). Web. This article on Long-Term Care Insurance was composed and put together by client Arthur Figueroa to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

How Teens Get Alcohol From Parents and Friends

How Teens Get Alcohol From Parents and Friends Addiction Alcohol Use Print How Teens Manage to Get Their Hands on Alcohol By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on September 23, 2019 Klaus Vedfelt / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Most adolescents find obtaining alcohol very easy and one reason is many of them get their alcohol from a convenient source: their own homes. Teens often find easy access to alcohol because it is readily available in their home. And a study found that a shocking number of parents and other adults provide alcohol to this generation of underage drinkers. The survey, conducted by the American Medical Association, explored not only the availability of alcohol to teens but also looked at the parental opinions and behaviors regarding providing alcohol to teenagers. Parents Commonly Supply Alcohol to Kids From a public health standpoint, these findings are frankly disturbing, said J. Edward Hill, M.D., president of the AMA. While it is of great concern to see how easily teens, especially young girls, get alcohol, it is alarming to know that legal-age adults, even parents, are supplying the alcohol. The poll, which surveyed teens aged 13-18, discovered that nearly half reported having obtained alcohol at some point. In all age groups, girls nearly always ranked higher than boys in obtaining alcohol. Policies and Laws Are Often Ignored In the adult poll, about one out of four U.S. parents with children, aged 12-20 (26 percent), said that they agree that teens should be able to drink at home with their parents present. Policies and law enforcement efforts to stop minors from obtaining alcohol are important, but this data reveals how easily avoided those policies and laws can be when legal-aged buyers are the leading source of alcohol for children, said Hill. And even parents who do not buy for their children could be unwitting sources if their alcohol at home is left unsecured. Why Its Easy for Teens to Get Alcohol Two out of three teens, aged 13-18, said it is easy to get alcohol from their homes without parents knowing about it. One third responded that it is easy to obtain alcohol from their own parents knowingly, which increases to 40 percent when it is from a friends parent. And one in four teens has attended a party where minors were drinking in front of parents. Parents allowing underage children to drink under their supervision are under a dangerous misperception, said Hill. Injuries and car accidents after such parent-hosted parties remind us that no parent can completely control the actions of intoxicated youth, during or after a party. And the main message children hear is that drinking illegally is okay. Other key findings of the two polls include: Nearly one in four teens, aged 13-18, and one in three girls, aged 16-18, say their own parents have supplied them with alcohol, and teens who have obtained alcohol reported that, in the past six months, parents were the suppliers three times on average.While 71 percent of parents with children, aged 12-20, disagreed with the statement that teen drinking was okay if a parent were present, 76 percent think it is likely that teenagers get alcohol from someones parentâ€"and they knew about it.One out of four parents of children, aged 12-20 (25 percent), say they have allowed their teens to drink with their supervision in the past six months. Approximately one in 12 (8 percent) indicated they have allowed their teens friends to also drink under their supervision in the past six months.While only eight percent of parents of children aged 12-20 indicated that they allowed their teen and his/her friends to drink with supervision in the past six months, 21 percent of teens attended a party w here the alcohol was provided by someone elses parents. And 27 percent of teens attended a party where youth were drinking with parents present. This discrepancy suggests parents are unaware that other parents are allowing their own children to drink. The AMA applauds parents who discourage and disallow underage drinking, said Hill. We hope that such parents willing to stand up for their childrens health will be more vocal in their communities, letting children and other parents know that no adult should substitute their judgment for a teens own parents. Drinking is not a rite of passage. Fatal car accidents, injuries and assaults, and irreversible damage to the brain are not rites of passage for any child. Teenagers Must Be Educated About the Risks of Alcohol Use The AMA said the poll results underscore the need for physicians to counsel parents on the health risks of alcohol use, as well as to advocate for policies to restrict access to minors. Alcohol is everywhere, said Steven Harris, a 14-year-old from San Bruno, California. Young people see ads everywhere. We see drinking on TV and in the movies, and we see it at parties and at home. And it is probably harder for teens to get into an R-rated movie than to get alcohol. Its a joke.

Nursing And Patients Aith Diabetes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 892 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2018/12/18 Category Medicine Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Disease Essay Health Care Essay Did you like this example? Step 1; the chosen topic is Diabetes Step 2 Two patients based medical applications ? · Enhancing inventory control and reducing costs ? · Eliminating errors caused by manual interventions and workarounds What applications would I upload? ? · Record of prescriptions, pharmacy information and medication consumption actions ? · Set of reminders for medications from various time intervals such as hourly, daily, weekly, monthly and yearly ? · Manage medications and assist hospital pharmacy refill with proactive reminders. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nursing And Patients Aith Diabetes" essay for you Create order Reason as to why I would download these apps Being a patient, I have been advised by my medical doctor about certain apps that I need to have in my Smartphone or computers that will help me review swiftly on the issues affecting my diabetic illness (Gordon, 2005). The main reason as to why they came up with this modern technological compliance is to cut off the health care costs that would be consumed by the medics during the examination process and also save the transport cost of patients and these apps are known to provide the patients with the most recent information about the diseases or rather the illnesses that they suffer from. Step 3; creation of a concept map Information about diabetes Diabetes is a World widely known form of disease that has been caused by excessive consumption of sugary materials or rather meals. It is therefore a group or type of disease that is brought about by the excessive consumption of sugar and specifically the high blood glucose sugar. In conjunction to this consumption, there is the insulin which plays a very great role in the body. [image: G:Downloadimages-3.jpeg] The hormone will provide assistance to the glucose when it is getting into your blood cells and thereby giving it the energy to perform its intended functions in the body. There are two major types of diabetes which is the type 1 and type 2 diabetes (Gordon, 2005). [image: G:Downloadimages.jpeg] The type 1 diabetes is the one when it affects you, the body will not be in a position to make insulin while on the other side the type 2 diabetes is that when consumed, the body will not make or even consume the insulin as well. Guide This is the criteria in which the personnels concerned will make the effort of identifying those individuals who have not been affected by the illness and advising them with appropriateness on the side effects of excessive consumption of sugary food. This education process can be done in all the sectors of the world, be it in governmental sectors, the hospital process or even in the general annual meetings and seminars that we do attend within our societies( Gordon,2005). When the issues are dealt with in time, there is high chance of saving the lives of our fellow human beings. Therefore the creation of awareness should be done globally Communication As a patient who have suffered from diabetes, I would take this chance to highly request our governments and the medical sectors to take the role of communicating to the general public on their health and not only in diabetes but also in any other illness in the world( Gordon,2005). This can be done through the social media which involves through the computers and mobile phones and not forgetting the general public medias such as the Television and the Radios. Step 4 Provider based medical application ? · Enhancement of responsiveness and patient satisfaction ? · Collaboration among the mobile staff in order to deliver better results ? · Improvement on patient care and documentation ? · Streamlining of communication by integrating voice, images and text messages in a single device Step 5 Information As a doctor, there is need to provide the most adequate information regarding diabetes to my patients in order to have an effective and good coexistence with my clients( Gordon,2005) [image: G:Downloadimages-2.jpeg]. Diabetes is a World widely known form of disease that has been cause by excessive consumption of sugary materials or rather meals. There are two major types of diabetes which is the type 1 and type 2 diabetes. [image: G:Downloadimages-1.jpeg] Guide As a doctor, I am entitles to adhere to the doctors Acts and Laws which clearly states the exact rules and regulations that I am supposed to adhere to when dealing with patient( Gordon,2005). This involves very close communication with the patient and getting to understand what he or she is suffering from and offering the most effective medication ever and also good prescription. Reminders As a doctor, I am entitled to providing the most effective reminders of my patients about how they should carry out themselves in accordance to the diseases one is ailing from( Gordon,2005). This is done through constant communication with the patient through mails and invoices to check on the patients progress. Step 6 How the research supports the use of medical applications Through a thorough research that is done on a daily basis, we are in a position to note that there has been great transformation when it comes to the medical sector as we are able to see the use of most modern machinery on the patients according to each illness that one suffers from (Gordon, 2005). We are also able to note that there are enough doctors and nurses to deal; with the illnesses of the patients. Reference Backhed, F; Ley, R.E.; Sonnenburg, J.L.; Peterson, D.A.; Gordon, J.I. (2005). Host-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine. Science . 307 (5717): 1915–1920.Diabetes: 2005Sci307.1915B .doi :10.1126/science.1104816 .PMID 15790844 .

Sentence Combining in English

Comparison Between Two Major Textile Companies Free Essays

string(58) " good level by ensuring timely supplies to its customers\." Executive Summary In this report, I have discussed about the two major textile organizations that are AL-karam and Gul Ahmed textile mills. I have conducted a ratio analysis from the information gathered from their financial statements. In my study, I found out that AL-Karam is doing comparatively well from Gul Ahmed textiles as various ratios proved to be positive in terms of AL-Karam textiles. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison Between Two Major Textile Companies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Accounting Policies Through accounting strategies and the methods of computation used in the preparation of this financial information are the same as those applied in the preparation of financial statements for the year ended June 30, 2011. These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with approved accounting standards as applicable in Pakistan. Approved accounting standards comprise such International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board as are notified under the Companies Ordinance, 1984, provisions of and directives issued under the Companies Ordinance, 1984. In case requirements differ, the provisions or directives of the Companies Ordinance, 1984 shall overcome operating assets. Operating assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and any identified impairment loss except leasehold land which is stated at cost. No amortization is provided on leasehold land since the lease is renewable at the option of the lessee. Depreciation is charged on reducing balance method at rates specified in the note 13. 1. Full year’s depreciation is charged on additions except major additions or extensions to production facilities which are depreciated on pro-rata basis for the period of use during the year and no depreciation is charged on assets in the year of their disposal. Structures on leased retail outlets are depreciated over the respective lease term. Gains and losses on disposal of operating assets are included in profit and loss account. Capital work-in-progress Capital work-in-progress is stated at cost accumulated up to the balance sheet date and represents expenditure incurred on property, plant and equipment in the course of construction. These expenditures are transferred to relevant category of property, plant and equipment as and when the asset starts operation. Intangible assets Intangible assets are stated at cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization is charged over the useful life of the assets on a systematic basis to income applying the straight line method at the rate specified in note 14. Investments Investments in subsidiary company are stated at cost. The Company reconsiders the carrying amount of the investments to assess whether there is any indication of impairment loss. If such indication exists, the carrying amount is reduced to recoverable amount and the difference is recognized as an expense. Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the investment is increased to the revised recoverable amount. The reversal of such impairment loss is recognized as an income. GUL AHMED Financial Ratios | 2010| 2009| liquidity| Current ratios| 0. 97| 0. 95| Quick  Ratio| 0. 39| 0. 44| Leverage| Total  debt  to  Total  assets  ratio| 75. 37%| 77. 04%| Times  interest  earned| -| 1. 00 times| Funded  debt  to  net  working  capital| 61. 80%| 63. 49%| Efficiency| Average  collection  period  | 4. 3 days| 44. 56 days| Inventory  turnover  | 3. 98| 4. 43| Total  assets  turnover| 1. 34| 1. 11| Net worth turn over| 5. 47| 2. 99| Net  working  capital  turnover| -87. 86| 50. 92| Profitability| Net  profit  margin| 2. 42%| -0. 56%| Gross  profit  margin| 16. 11%| 7. 30%| Return  on  total  assets| 3. 27%| -0. 71%| Return  on  Net  working  capital| 13. 28%| -48. 01%| Return  on  net  worth| -213. 10%| -3. 26%| Ratios Analysis LIQUIDITY RATIOS: A liquidity ratio measures the company’s ability to pay its bills. The denominator of a liquidity ratio is the company’s current liabilities, i. e. , obligations that the company must meet soon, usually with in one year. The numerator of a liquidity ratio is part or all of current assets. The current ratio of Gul Ahmed for year 2010 is 0. 97 and for year 2009 it is 0. 94. When we look at quick ratio, the quick ratio for Gul Ahmed is 0. 39 in 2010 and 0. 44 in 2009. It shows that Gul Ahmed had enough liquidity to meet its short term liquidity need during the better economic situation as well as in worst economic situation. The factor behind being well in its liquidity ratio is that company is well managed in financing its assets. LEVERAGE RATIOS: The leverage ratios accomplish two things: First, they are a measure of the extent to which firms finance their assets through debt; second, they are indicators of the financial risk of the firm. .We has considered three leverage ratios for Gul Ahmed: total debt to total assets, times interest earned, and funded debt to net working capital. Company’s datedness increased over the 2009-2010 periods. The times’ interest earned ratio for Gul Ahmed during 2009 show that it is slightly lesser than the industry average. Whereas in 2010, Gul Ahmed’s time’s interest earned ratio increased to, which was higher than the industry average of that year From this, it is concluded that the company has been able to meet its interest obligations from funds available from operations during 2010. The comparatively lower funded debt to net working capital ratio for Gul Ahmed indicates that it follows the industry practice of heavily utilizing credit lines at banks. It appears that the company did not have reasonable funds to meet its funded debt payments although it is performing better than the industry. Taking, the preceding leverage ratios in considerations, it may be concluded that Gul Ahmed is highly leveraged and most of its assets are financed by current debt. EFFICIENCY RATIOS: Ratios are typically used to analyze how well a company uses its assets and liabilities internally. Efficiency Ratios can calculate the turnover of receivables, the repayment of liabilities, the quantity and usage of equity and the general use of inventory and machinery. The average collection period is far from the median and that shows a loose credit term policies in receiving the payments late but somehow the average collection period reduces close to median in2010 explaining the improvement in receiving payments. The inventory is kept at good level by ensuring timely supplies to its customers. You read "Comparison Between Two Major Textile Companies" in category "Essay examples" The Asset turnover seemed to be in a good shape standing  just above the median in both years, telling that Gul Ahmed is utilizing its assets properly introducing the sales. The net working capital turnover is far higher than the median telling that the firm’s current assets are sufficiently utilized in producing high sales. However, the net worth  Turnover being below the median tells that the Gul Ahmed is bit high on using debt financing and less efficient in using equity financing. PROFITABILITY RATIOS: Profit margin is 2. 42% (2010) and 0. 57% (2009). This reflects the firm’s managerial efforts at controlling the markets acceptance of the firms product, the effectiveness of its marketing and sales efforts and the firms overall reputation. The profit margin is improving hence the firms profitability is improving. Return on total assets= 3. 27% (2010) and 0. 59% (2009) this reflects the earnings productivity of the total assets. Here there is an increase. This is because the firm is very profitable as far as its assets are concerned. Return on net working capital=13. 28% (2010) and 2. 50% (2009) reflects the profitability of  managerial decisions regarding investments in net current assets. This is improving in a way that the company is generating profits on its net working capital as compared to 2003. AL-Karam Textiles Financial Ratios Ratios| 2009| 2010| Liquidity Ratios| | | Current Ratio| 1. 04| 0. 97| Quick Ratio| 0. 4757| 0. 2787| Leverage Ratios| | | Debt to asset ratio| 0. 7381| 0. 80179| Funded to net working capital| 0. 3692| 1. 365| Efficiency Ratios| | | Average collection period| 30days| 35days| Inventory Turnover| 0. 7089| 0. 008109| Total Asset turnover| 0. 000933| 0. 000693| Net Worth Turnover| 2. 15| 2. 56| Net working capital turnover| -0. 0017583| -0. 010899| Profitability Ratio| | | Profit Margin| 0. 0078| 0. 0075| Return on Total Assets| 0. 6885| 0. 53351| Return on Net Worth| 0. 1792| 0. 853| Return on net working capital| -0. 1643| 0. 08387| Equity Ratio| | | Price to earning Ratio| 2. 11| 2. 01| Dividend payout| 0. 41| 0. 83| Book value per share| $15. 12| $19. 48| Ratios Analysis Liquidity ratios A) Current ratio: Total current assets/Total current liabilities is 0. 97(2010) and 1. 04(2009). This explains that in 2010 the liabilities were outweighing the assets however the p revious year the asset became more than the liabilities and hence the ratio exceeds 1. b) Quick ratio: (Total current assets-inventories)/total current liabilities is 0. 2787(2010) and 0. 4757(2009). This ratio is taken out in order to check the liquidity of the firm. When the inventory was subtracted from the total current assets, it gave us a figure of all the current assets other than the stock. This figure was divided by the total current liabilities which gave us a significant decrease in the overall figure value as compared to the current ratio. However, the ratio is decreasing later on in 2010. This means that the stocks have increased. Leverage ratios A) Total debt to total assets ratio: Total debt/total assets = 0. 80179(2010) and  0. 7381(2009). This tells us about the amount of assets which are debt financed. This means that in the last one year there has been a rise in the amount of assets which are being financed by debt and hence reduction in the ones which have been financed by equity. b) Funded debt to net working capital: Funded debt/net working capital=1. 365(2010) and0. 3692 (2009). This basically explains the ratio of debt which has a maturity of more than one year divided by the difference between the current assets and current liabilities. Hence the ability of the firm to retire its funded debt using available relatively liquid assets has increased. Efficiency ratios A) Inventory turnover ratio The inventory turn over ratio is 0. 008109 (2010) and 0. 7089(2009). It is a ratio which tells the effective inventory management policies. Recently, the ratio has reduced in value than the previous one. Either the firm has a lot of inventory or its sales are reducing. b) Total assets turnover The total asset turn over ratio of the two year is 0. 000693(2010) and 0. 000933(2009). It is a measure of the firm’s overall effectiveness in generating sales. The decrease in this ratio is not significant enough. However, it shows that the firm’s effectiveness in generating sales from assets is decreasing to some extent. ) Net working capital turnover = 0. 010899(2010) and -0. 0017583(2009). It is a measure of the firm’s productivity in generating sales. Again here the firm’s performance is decreasing in a way that the ratio of conversion of the net working capital to sales is decreasing. However, even this difference is not very significant between these two years . Profitability ratios A) Profit margin =0. 0078(2010) and 0. 0075(2009). This reflects the firm’s managerial efforts at controlling the market’s acceptance of the firms product, the effectiveness of its marketing and sales efforts and the firms overall reputation. The profit margin is improving hence the firms profitability is improving. b) Return on total assets =0. 53351(2010) and 0. 6885(2009). This reflects the earnings productivity of the total assets. Here there is a decrease. This is because the firm is not very profitable as far as its assets are concerned. c) Return on net working capital=-0. 08387(2010) and -0. 1643(2009). This reflects the profitability of managerial decisions regarding investments in net current assets. This is improving in a way that the company is generating profits on its net working capital as compared to2009. Equity ratios A) Price to earnings ratio=2. 01(2010) and 2. 11(2009). This is basically a measure of the desirability of a firm. The more desirable a firm is to the investor the higher the P. E ratio it has. The P. E ratio is slightly decreasing. This is because the ratio of earning per share to price per share is greater in 2009. The higher this ratio the more attractive it is to the investors. B) Debt to  equity ratio=0. 3481(2010) and 0. 4937 (2009) shows a decrease in  the  preceding year2010. Conclusion Ratios| Gul Ahmed| Al karam| | Liquidity| Current Ratios| 0. 97| 1. 04| Quick Ratio| 0. 39| 0. 4757| Leverage | Total debt to total Assets ratio| 73. 37%| 73. 81%| Funded debt to networking capital| 61. 80%| 36. 92| Efficiency| | | Average collection period| 43 days| 30 days| Inventory turnover| 3. 98| 0. 7089| Total assets turnover| 1. 34| 0. 000933| Net worth turnover| 5. 47| 2. 15| Net working capital turnover| -87. 86| -0. 0017583| Profitability| | | Net profit Margin| 2. 42%| 0. 78| Return on net worth| -213. 10%| 17. 92| Return on Total Assets| 3. 27%| 6. 88%| Return on Net Working capital| 13. 28%| -0. 1643| Equity| | | Price to earning ratio| 7. 5| 10. 85| Book value per share| 19. 48| 21. 45| The ratio analysis of the two companies shows the result that Al-karam has been increasing its equity and its profitability and showing signs of an efficient company. On the other hand, Gul Ahmed is decreasing its business and going towards loss Liquidity Ratios: Al-karam has a higher Current ratio as well as Acid Test ratio as compare to Gul Ahmed which me ans that it is in a better shape to meet its current obligations and has more inventories. Gul Ahmed therefore has lower margin safety to meet its current obligation. Efficiency Ratios: Al-karam seems to be in a better financial standing as compare to its efficiency. The company has a lower turnover ratio for both, the assets and the inventory showing high amount of sales and effectiveness as compare to Gul Ahmed. Profitability Ratios: Al-Karam has been rising in its profitability continuously, showing improvements in return on net worth and return on total assets. Equity: Equity ratios are primary interest to the firm’s stockholders and include the price to earnings ratio, dividend payout, and book value per share. The price to earnings ratio, popularly referred to as the P/E ratio, is an overall measure of the desirability of the firm. The more attractive the firm is to the investors, the higher the P/E ratio. The P/E ratio is highest of Al Karam that is 10. 65 which is higher than the other textile ratio, then comes Gul Ahmed. Al-karam has been showing improvements in the dividend yield and the book value per share. This shows that the company has been increasing its equity by involving more investors in its base. The company thus shows signs of expansion and higher sense of determination towards acquiring more of the business. The book value per share is highest of Al Karam. . Bibliography http://www. gulahmed. com/investor_financial_information. html http://www. gulahmed. com/downloads/annual_reports/AnnualReport2012. pdf http://www. gulahmed. com/investor_financial_information. html http://download-reports. blogspot. com/2009/10/financial-analysis-ratio-analysis-of_2826. html http://www. gulahmed. com/downloads/annual_reports/Annual_Report_2009. pdf http://www. facebook. com/l. php? u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. alkaram. com%2Fpsl%2FHalf%2520Yearly%2520Financial%2520Information%2520December%25202011. pdfh=zAQGDqpbt http://www. scribd. com How to cite Comparison Between Two Major Textile Companies, Essay examples

Organizational Behaviour Logics on Buyer-Supplier

Question: Describe about the Organizational Behaviour for Logics on Buyer-Supplier. Answer: Introduction The aim of the report is to analyse the leadership of Carlos Ghosn, the CEO of Nissan Motors. Ghosn has been recognised as a successful leader whose leadership has proved fruitful for the company at many instances. The aim of the report is to understand the approach taken by Ghosn to make changes in the organization. It has been recognised that the leadership of Carlos has contributed largely in Nissan. The report is based on the leadership approaches undertaken by Carlos during his professional career. The aim is to recognize various leadership theories and apply the same in the context of the leadership of Carlos Ghosn. Organizational Behaviour is the study that states the interaction of people within a group. The central idea is to make an attempt to increase the efficiency of an organization. The organizational behaviour theories are used in an organization for human resource purpose to maximize the output from an individual or a group (Mainemelis, Kark and Epitropaki 2015). A variety of models and theories that include improvement in job performance, increase job satisfaction and promote innovation and encouragement. In an organization, the goal is to increase the amount of quality of work and increase the productivity to maximize profit. It was observed that a scientific approach can actually increase the productivity in isolation (Deinert et al. 2015). This report shall highlight the several approaches undertaken by Carlos to achieve better results in terms of productivity and quality of work at Nissan. Analysis of the organizational culture at Nissan prior to the organizational change initiated by Ghosn Organizational culture provides meanings for routine organizational events by reducing the amount of cognitive processing and energy that the members need to expend throughout the day. An organizational culture is a shared basic assumption that solves the external and the internal adaption. As commented by Antonakis (2013), that leadership is one of the sources of beliefs and values that a leader undertakes to understand the deeper level of the culture of a particular organization. It is important to understand the internal and the external condition of an organization. It falls under the responsibility of the leader to understand the problems and then make certain adaptations and find solutions to adapt and survive in the market (Barmeyer and Mayrhofer 2016). The major stakeholders include investors, suppliers, managers and employees, the community and its government and other customers. Internal problems with these stakeholders might take place at any point of time (Simmons 2016). In case of external adaptation, a leader faces a number of problems as well. When there rise the opportunity of expansion, an organization faces a number of issues in regard to the expansion in a new place. These problems include a barrier in the language and culture, distribution of power authority among the members of the organization (Barmeyer and Mayrhofer 2016). Developing a trust and intimacy among the other stakeholders of the organization becomes the major factor of challenging for the leader. Classical organizational theory Classical Organizational Theory is a merger of scientific management, bureaucratic and administrative theory. Scientific leadership theory According to the scientific management or leadership theory, there are four basic principles that a leader must follow to achieve better results in the operation of the business (Ghanbari and Abedzadeh 2016). The four basic principles are: To find the best way to perform a task To carefully match each employee with each task To keep a check on the employees and match each worker with each task and reward them as well To manage and control the task As pointed out by Stahl and Brannen (2013), that to be successful and improving the production and function of an organization, it is important to carefully scrutinize each employee and people and then assigning them the job accordingly. The theory has been greatly accepted by major organization and the age old philosophy of production first and people second seemed to get blurred. The leadership approach of Carlos was so influential that he was regarded to become the President of a country. It was his leadership and in sightedness that had lead him to become the CEO of both Nissan and its French partner Renault (Ghosn 2012). Carlos has always believed in transparency in work and he used to listen to the advice of others and always believed that the responsibility of a CEO is to motivate people to work better and the rest falls under the responsibility of the employees. In the view point of Max Weber, it is important to follow a bureaucratic approach in an organization where there shall be a hierarchical structure of power (Stahl and Brannen 2013). The division of labour and specialization is important and there shall be uniformity and stability in the organization (Barmeyer and Mayrhofer 2016). The leader never tried to make a bureaucratic approach in the organization and always believed in sharing of position and ability among the people working in the organization. In the early phase of 1990s, Nissan was not in a healthy position to fight against the odds of the market (Cardon 2015). It was at this time that several car manufacturers in Europe had established good market and Nissan on the other hand was only behind Toyota in Japan. It was this time, the company had made an approach of global presence and Asia became the target market for the car. In fact, Japan was observed to be the missing link and it was thus aimed to extent the company to Jap an. Analysis of the teams and decision-making in Nissan before and after the organizational change In 1999, with the announcement of the alliance of Nissan and Renault, a history was created. As pointed out by Stahl and Brannen (2013), an organization sometimes forced to change its culture to match with the environmental changes. Changes are difficult but without undertaking such approaches, an organization does not have the ability to cope with the situation. Neoclassical Organizational Theory The Neoclassical theory was an attempt to incorporate a number of scientific behavioural in the management thought to improve the performance of the employees of the organization. It was observed that the role of the management is not only to employee people but to focus on other things that shall improve the production, structure as well as the technology of the organization (Lucas 2013). Neoclassical theory suggests best ways to improve and motivate people that in turn shall bring prosperity in the productivity of the organization. In the view point of Ahmadjian (2015), that employee relation is an important factor to be considered by the management. It is only when an employee finds some intrinsic values in their job that their standardization and performance can increase. Human relation approach of the neoclassical theory had the belief that an employee shall receive special attention and could be a part of the decision making process as a supportive team in an organization (Barmeyer and Mayrhofer 2016). It is only when they are encouraged to participate, the employees find it significant to be more productive and results in high quality of work (Lucas 2013). It has been observed that when the employees are involved in certain decision making process, their increasing attention results in increase of motivation and productivity. As pointed out by Lee (2016), that an employee shall also be involved in the decision making approach of the operation of an organization. When employees are given the opportunities to participate in the decision making, the values and preferences of each employee is known and this approach can lead to a problem solving activity. In the view point of Osland and Bird (2013), every individual has a decision making power and a major part of decision depends on the understanding and the ability of an individual. In this respect, it can be said that an experienced employee can be considered as effective to take decision in an organization. It was in the late 1990 after the successful merger of a number of car companies, it was time for Nissan to break the market with a new acquisition with Renault (Barmeyer and Mayrhofer 2015). In 1999, the CEO of Renault as one of the market leader at that time offered $5.4 billion for the stake of Nissan. Nissan was almost at the verge of bankruptcy could not afford to turn down the offer and the marriage of the two car manufacturers was witnessed in history (Barmeyer and Mayrhofer 2016). It has to be mentioned here that Nissan was in a verge of utter loss at that time but within a few months, the leadership of Carlos was visible and Nissan gained huge profit that eventually dragged the company to global limelight. It was his charismatic charm that made his leadership worthy to be discussed in major business schools. It has to be mentioned that Ghosns leadership style was different. At that time when the ultimate success of a leader was to gain the position of a CEO or a managing dir ector, Carlos always felt that the real objective of a CEO is to motivate the employees and other in the organization and the rest is to leave on those who are participants of the company (Stahl, Mendenhall and Oddou 2012). Organizational birth and growth theory In the view point of Vuori (2015), an organization follows a life cycle and a number of predictable stages of growth, change and decline. It has to be understood that a new organization is very fragile and any factor can lead to the decline of the organization. By the means of organizational birth, it includes the factors such as resources or ability of knowledge or skills that might help to generate similar new organizations. In the growth stage, the leader is responsible to identify the various problems and issues that arise as the organization grows. It depends on the ability of the leader to acknowledge the problems and the issues that the organization faces (Ferris et al. 2013). It is important to understand the basic things that must be taken into consideration to make changes in the organization that it becomes feasible for the organization to grow, mature and survive in the competitive market. In the death stage, it becomes challenging for the organization to survive because of the several factors that created a negative impact on the functionality of the organization. As commented by Nezu (2014), that there remains no solution for an organization to overcome the issues and due to the major weaknesses, the organization ultimately has to suffer that results in its death. Nissan had suffered a lot as a car manufacturer in terms of its global business and to fight against the other companies that already had established their company in the market (Osland, Li and Wang 2014). The companies like Mercedes, Volkswagen are some of the examples that had huge impact on the car market worldwide. It was very difficult for a company like Nissan to fight against these companies and mark in the manufacturing market. However, if the leadership of Carlos has to be discussed here it has to be mentioned that the leader was always present with the company at its worse, by the time the company was seeking for a successful leader who could turn the company lively (Onkham, Elattar and Rabelo 2013). Ghosn was confident about his steps in business and often proclaimed that if his leadership fails, he would leave the company. In the companys extension in the US market, it was not easy to fight with the already established brands like General Motors, Ford and Chrysler. Howeve r, the leadership quality of Ghosn could not be challenged. He adopted the culture of America as the organizational culture and established the company there with much prosperity. Organizational morality According to Halff (2013), an organization has an ethical climate that reflects the personality and the morality of the leader. A leader with a collective mindset elicits a correct approach towards the operation of the organization. The employees can strengthen the self construal in the leaders by the way they communicate with others. It is important to be ethical in the business and non-judgemental as well. It is the responsibility of the leader to be more ethical and foster organizational citizenship among the employees of the organization. As stated by Binns et al. (2014), the use of formal codes of conduct and careful construction of the principles of the ethics that includes both internal and external relation with the employees and the stakeholders. In the view point of Eisenberg, Hrtel and Stah (2013), it happens at times that an organization has to act in a way that do not support the moral or the ethical value of business. In the increasing competitive market, maintaining a moral value in the organization is indeed a tough thing to do. In case of Nissan, when the company was under great demise and huge loss, shifting the company even with moral approach was a great challenge for a leader but Carlos never gave the chance of claiming him unethical and always portrayed his leadership in an ethical manner. Analysis of Ghosns leadership style, in general and in relation to the specific organizational change at Nissan If the leadership style of Carlos is taken into consideration, it can be said that no one could match the leadership style of this person even at the era when the market was hugely dominated by other car manufacturers. In Japan where Toyota had the major share of business, Nissan showed the courage of entering the region with a hope that the company shall gain the opportunity of the market of increasing demand of cars in Asia (Gill 2012). Everyone believed in his leadership and it was the faith that made him a vital member of the Nissan family. The leadership style of Carlos was different in a way because he never considered himself as the boss and dominated the other people in the organization but always acted as a mentor and motivator who motivated the people working in the organization (Kaipa 2014). It was his believe that when power is given to the members of the organization who are closely related to the working of the company, the opportunity of gaining better results in terms of innovative ideas and new techniques of dealing with the degrading situation is gained (Ferris et al. 2013). It has to be understood that people who are directly related to the organization like the employees or the other people in operation, they have better knowledge about the business and any kind of plans or methods provided from their end shall be fruitful. (Bird 2013) Contingency theory Contingency organizational theory claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation or to lead a company. The success of a company depends on the ability of the leader to undertake better decisions depending on the internal and external situation where the company operates. It is based on the leadership style to fit into the right situation that the success of a company depends (Genovese 2015). It has to be mentioned that organizational culture is based on certain purposes. This culture actually serves as a guide and a way to deal with the uncertainty of the surroundings where the organization works. Any kind of changes in the surrounding is bound to affect the operation of an organization (Schunk, Meece and Pintrich 2012). It is for the same reason that the leader of an organization has to be critical enough to fight against any such odds in the surrounding. Carlos has been considered as a successful leader because he understands the fact that without understanding the culture of the region where the company operates it is not possible to gain a fruitful result in that market (Ferris et al. 2013). As understood from the case study that no matter if it is Japan or America, Carlos had the capability of adapting himself to the culture of the specific region and shape the organization culture as well. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs According to the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs model, it is the human behaviour and the needs of the human that makes a person to think of the various ways that shall help a person to achieve better opportunities in life. As pointed out by Kusurkar et al. (2012), this psychology theory helps to understand the innate nature of a human. The idea of using this concept kin an organization is to understand the basic features that shall help to impoverish the human talent and make certain assumptions to grab better results from the employees working in the organization (Moors 2015). According to this model, primarily an individual looks for psychological satisfaction, following it, the person looks for safety, then comes the chance of love and belonging that is important for any person to remain in a healthy state of mind. Next is the concept of esteem and self realization and ultimately a person looks for self actualization (Lee 2013). These things are equally important among the employees o r other working in an organization. It is only when an employee is satisfied enough to work for the company, the person aims at giving the best as per the ability. It is the sole reason, each an every employee must be appreciated enough to work for an organization (Ferris et al. 2013). McGregors Theory X and Theory Y Theory X and Theory Y are common management theories that develop a positive management style and technique. McGregor has pointed out two major approaches of managing people (Lee 2013). It is expected that the manager or a leader of an organization shall undertake any of the two theories to achieve better results in terms of productivity. Theory X undertakes the following issues: When an employee dislikes the work, the person tries to avoid the work It is then people are forced with a threat of punishment to work towards the organizational objectives An average person also prefers to be directed towards their responsibility and perhaps wants to achieve a level of security in the work place (Schunk, Meece and Pintrich 2012) Theory Y or the participative management states that: Effort in work is very import It is important that a person apply self control and self direction to pursue the organizational objectives It is important to get committed towards the organizational objectives In such cases being innovative and creative also solve the organizational problems The most important factor that the potential of an individual is partly used in the industry It is therefore, falls under the responsibility of the manager or the leader to exercise authority on the employees and to explain the matter to exert better self-direction and control over the employees. Path-goal theory Path-goal theory is also based on same theme that talks about the leadership style and the leader that best fits the organization. The main objective of a leader is to increase the motivation of the employees and increase empowerment and satisfaction among the employees (Ferris et al. 2013). According to the Vrooms expectancy theory, an individual in an organization acts in a way in which the leader wants them to act (Schunk, Meece and Pintrich 2012). Therefore, leader is the one that best guides the employees in an organization that ultimately results in gaining better results in the business. If the same situation is considered keeping Carlos in mind, it can be said that being a leader he always understood the important of planning the goals and objectives for the betterment of his organization. He always knew what he has to do. There were times when everyone doubted the leadership of Carlos and imagined the condition of Nissan at a stake but the same had been proved wrong and the company had soared high by the time when other taught that the car manufacturer have to starve in accommodating in the competitive market. Transactional leadership Transactional leadership talks about motivating and directing the employees by appealing them to their own self-interest. As pointed out by Schunk, Meece and Pintrich (2012), transactional leadership comes from the prior authority and responsibility of a manager or a leader in an organization. It is the duty of the employees in an organization to obey the instruction of the leader. In addition to this, it has been known that a leader is responsible for motivating the employees. In the view point of Barmeyer and Mayrhofer (2016), there are certain subordinate programs that are important to achieve a routine performance goal in the organization. Four dimensions have been acknowledged in this respect: Contingent rewards: It falls under the duty of the transactional leader to link the goals to the rewards, providing necessary resources that shall ultimately provide reward for successful performance. Active Management by Exception: The leaders are expected to actively monitor and intervene the performance of the employees and maintain a standard of deviation to form corrective actions upon the employees with respect t to previous mistakes (Barmeyer and Mayrhofer 2016). Passive Management by Exception: It is when the performance expectation of an organization is not met by the employees the leaders have the authority to punish the employees as a response of the unacceptable performance (Deinert et al. 2015). Laissez-faire: A leader should provide an environment where the employee or the subordinates get opportunity to make decisions. If the leader is not efficient enough then the group often have to suffer. The leader understood the importance of rewarding the people and sharing the success with the people who are behind the success. The long drawn issues regarding the integration of their models and system was seemed to dim away and there was a new awakening of the long drawn war to make the car manufacturing company successful and competitive to fight with the existing car giants in the market. When there was a huge declination of job and reduction in the production capacity of the company, Carlos hold the responsibility of making positive effort on the working of the organization (Deinert et al. 2015). The creation of the cross-functional teams and the introduction of various motivation factors like incentives and bonus created great positive impact on the production and the sale of the car units worldwide. Conclusion By the end of the discussion it can be said that Carlos was truly a global leader who took the complete responsibility of the organizational change in Nissan at the time when the company was at utter loss. The expansion of the company was one of the approaches taken by the authority to improve the degrading condition of the company. As a leader Carlos was an efficient person. With every expansion, he had showed his ability to cope with the environment and became a part of that country by adopting the culture and the way the market of that nation works. When the company was expanded to America, Carlos very efficiently adopted the culture of the country and made a successful approach towards the business. It has been observed that Carlos is a brave leader and accepts challenges easily. His ability and challenging attitude differentiate him from the other leaders of his era. He believed in disseminating power among the other employees and stakeholders of the organization. This shows the scientific and collective approach of Carlos as a leader. With the change in the region of operation, Carlos had always approached for the change in the organizational culture. The leadership quality has created a prime example among others. It can be easily assumed that the recent position of Nissan in the market is due to the successful effort of a leader like Carlos whose far sightedness and continuous effort had created great impact on the business of Nissan and helped it to achieve the position where the company currently stands at. The leadership of Carlos has made the advent of the company a success in major places like America or Asia. Nissan is a well to do brand in the recent perspective and has been able to mark a great share in the market of these countries. Reference list Ahmadjian, C., 2015, July. Surviving the Ghosn Shock: The Effect of Institutional Logics on Buyer-Supplier Tie Dissolution and Creation in the Japanese Automotive Industry, 1984-2005. 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